试析中东欧新民粹主义政党的兴起

The Rise of New Populist Parties in Central and Eastern Europe

中东欧的新民粹主义并没有一个核心的意识形态,其政策就是"取悦于民"。新民粹主义政党并不创设新议题,而只是"汇集民意",迎合大众口味的各种主张都能为其所用。中东欧转型中存在诸多弊端如大众经济满意度差、阶级力量的溃散、传统政党代表能力下降、民族主义情绪发酵等因素,在社交媒体的重新整合下催生出新民粹主义。但是,新民粹主义所包含的彼此相互印证或相互矛盾的方案如经济平民主义、疑欧主义、反精英政治、民族主义等并不是解决中东欧现存问题的有效方案,反而加剧了政党关系、民族关系、本国与欧盟关系的紧张,推动中东欧政治朝着更为激进的方向发展。

The new populism among Eastern Central European(ECE)countries is a heart-empty ideology.Instead,its policy is simply'to satisfy the electorate.'Instead of proposing new issues on the agenda,the new populist parties only'aggregate public opinion'and make use of any proposals that are appealing to the masses.The transition of ECE countries has engendered various problems such as dissatisfactory economic growth,declining class cohesion,weakening representativeness of traditional parties,and fermented nationalist sentiment,which,coupled with the rise of social media,have all contributed to the emergence of new populism.However,new populist proposals—whether they are mutually reinforcing or contradictory—such as economic populism,Euroscepticism,antielitist politics,and nationalism,are not effective prescriptions for solving current problems for Eastern Central Europe.On the contrary,they can only exacerbate tensions between political parties,between nations,and between the ECE countries and the European Union.They will also push ECE politics toward a more radical direction.