元代蒙古人与色目人在书院的活动:文化认同的一个例子

Academies and Acculturation in the Yuan

在兴建和修复书院的过程中,蒙古人、色目人官员如何与当地士人展开互动?这些蒙古人、色目人官员究竟是出于对儒家思想文化的认同而积极投身书院建设,还是仅仅为了迎合当地士人精英的文化取向,借此巩固自己在地方的行政权威?这些都是值得我们探讨的问题。在忽必烈统治时期(1260—1294),元政府开始有意识地利用理学,着手建立一个官学系统,致力于把宋代书院与庙学整合到一个全国范围的教育体系中。南宋以来,书院的兴建不仅和理学地位的提升紧密相连,也在一定程度上体现了地方士人对提升政治和社会地位的强烈渴望。因此,元代书院给我们提供了一个历史的场域,我们可以从这里对蒙古统治者的儒家文化认同过程及其与汉族地方士人的文化交流形式进行深入探索。

This paper represents an effort to reconstruct the roles of non-Han local and regional officials at academies in Yuan China as a way to understand some aspects of acculturation under Mongol rule. How did non-Han officials interact with local Chinese to build and restore academies？ To what degree were these officials personally and intellectually engaged in the promotion of Neo-Confucian learning-or were they simply following a pragmatic policy to accommodate the interests of the Chinese elite in order to stabilize local society？ By the reign of Khubilai Khan （1260-1294）, the Yuan government had begun to appropriate Neo-Confucianism and to erect a system of state schools that assimilated former Song academies along with Confucian temple-schools （miaoxue）into an empire-wide educational apparatus.Because acade- mies founded in the Southern Song were tied not only to the Daoxue movement but also to the political and social aspirations of local elite families, the continued expansion of academies in the Yuan provides an opportunity to explore processes and forms of acculturation between Mongol government authorities and the Chinese elite at the local level.