事实认定模式与我国刑事防错机制的完善

Fact-finding Models and the Perfection of Mechanism for the Prevention of Criminal Misjudgment in China

刑事错案严重损害了司法公正和司法权威。如何防范事实认定错误已经成为学术界和实务界重点关注的问题。协同型事实认定模式和竞争型事实认定模式是两种基本的事实认定模式。协同型事实认定模式,是以一个"犯罪故事"为主线,检察院的"控诉故事"和法院的"裁判故事"都是对侦查版"犯罪故事"的确认和完善。竞争型事实认定模式,是指在事实认定模式中,存在多个故事版本的比较、选择和竞争,并以此推动事实认定进程。我国刑事诉讼程序虽然具有对抗色彩,但事实认定模式仍属于协同型。为了完善我国的刑事防错机制,有必要改良事实认定模式,允许证据解释和推论存在多样性,鼓励多个故事版本之间的比较和竞争,重视最佳解释和似真推理,落实被告人的对质权,强化辩护方审前获取案件信息和证据的能力,谨慎对待"排除合理怀疑"的证明标准。

Criminal misjudgment seriously damages judicial fairness and judicial au- thority. How to prevent mistakes in fact-finding has become the focus of attention of both legal scholars and legal practitioners in China. There are two basic fact-finding models： the coopera- tive fact-finding model and the competitive fact-finding model. The former takes ＂crime story＂ as the main line and ＂prosecution story＂ and ＂referee story＂ as the confirmation and improve- ment of the ＂crime story＂. The latter promotes the fact-finding process through full comparison, selection and competition among multiple versions of crime story. Although the criminal proce- dure in China shows the color of confrontation, its fact-finding model still belongs to the cooper- ative model. In order to perfect the mechanism for the prevention of criminal misjudgment, it is necessary to improve the fact-finding model, allow the diversity of the methods of explanation of evidence and factual inference, encourage multiple versions of crime story, pay attention to the best explanation and plausible reasoning, safeguard the defendant＇ s right of confrontation, strengthen the ability of the defense to obtain case information and evidence before trial, and be cautious about the proof standard of ＂beyond reasonable doubt＂.