合同法上格式之战的学说变迁与规范适用

The Battle of Forms in Commercial Contract: Evolution of Theory and Application of Norms

格式之战源于商事交易实践,属于格式条款订入商事合同领域的一项特殊问题。比较法上,从20世纪盛行的"最后一枪理论",发展至目前通行的"相互击倒理论",格式之战的学说建构与规则设计臻于成熟。我国《合同法》在欠缺针对格式之战特殊规则的背景下,基于合同成立的一般规则,解决兼具合同成立与合同内容确定双重因素的特殊议题,规则适用仍停留于"最后一枪理论",滞后于现代学说发展。《合同法》第30条在立法继受联合国《国际货物销售合同公约》第19条时存在疏漏,同时《合同法》第39条、第40条在格式条款的订入控制与效力控制的区分上仍失之清晰,且与合同漏洞填补的周边规则难以协调,致使在中国合同法上格式之战面临规范适用与规范解释的双重挑战。在民法典编纂的背景下,就格式之战这一特殊议题,宜从立法论角度引入适当的制度构造或更新,引入合同订立特别规则或格式条款特别规则,辅以明确的补充性解释规则,或有助于摆脱格式之战的规范适用与解释困境。

The battle of forms in commercial transactions nas evo.vcu blow doctrine＂ in the beginning, to the prevailing ＂last shot doctrine＂ in the 20th century, and uhimately to the current ＂knock out doctrine＂. In this process, the doctrine has become in- creasingly mature in terms of theoretical construction and the design of relevant rules. To re- spond to the development of the doctrine at the levels of normative interpretation and application and explore the applicable space of the ＂knock out doctrine＂, China should carefully examine the relationship between Article 19 of the CISG and Article 30 of the Contract Law. Against the background of the compilation of Chinese Civil Code, it should try to construct or update rele- vant systems through legislation, introduce special rules on the conclusion of contract or on standardized terms and supplement them with clear rules on interpretation, so as to get itself out of the dilemma of normative application and interpretation of the battle of forms.