面孔部件在群体注意方向判断中的作用

The Influence of Facial Cues on Determining the Focus of Attention:Evidence from Eye Movements

探讨面孔部件(眼睛和鼻子)在个体和群体注意方向判断中的作用。实验1使用不同数量面孔的图片,要求报告群体或个体的注意方向。结果发现,多面孔条件下对群体注意方向估计的准确性高于单面孔条件。实验2采用眼动技术,探讨眼睛和鼻子在判断其注意方向时注视的空间与时间分布特征。结果发现,基于单张面孔判断时,对鼻子的总注视时间长于眼睛;基于多张面孔判断时,对眼睛和鼻子的总注视时间没有差异。整个研究表明,知觉个体注意主要依赖鼻子,知觉群体注意依赖眼睛和鼻子。

Previous studies have demonstrated that humans use a variety of facial cues, including gaze direction and nose angle, to perceive the direction in which a crowd is looking. However, there is currently no consensus as to the relative importance of eyes and nose cues in determining the focus of attention. Furthermore, the relative importance of these cues may differ when perceiving individual faces compared to crowds. The purpose of experiment l was to determine whether the ensemble perception of the focus of attention based on more than one face. For investigating the process of perception, experiment 2 used the eye tracker to explore differences in how the focus of attention is derived when looking at a crowd vs. individuals. In experiment 1, either an individual face or a crowd of faces （two, three or four faces） were presented on a 14-inch Lenovo computer by E-prime 2.0. Ninety-six faces with various pupil rotations and head orientations were constructed by Autodesk Maya 2014 and Photosbop 5.0. Thirty tmdergraduate students were required to complete an averaging orientation judgment task in which they were instructed to estimate where the individual＇s face or crowd＇s faces were looking. Experiment 2 did the same task. Thirty-four participants＇ eye movements were recorded with an SMI RED eye tracker （22-inch screen, sampling rate = 250Hz, resolution = 1024 ~ 768 pixels, refresh rate = 60Hz, participants - and - screen distance = 57-60cm）. The results of experiment 1 show that the accuracy of using multiple faces of the crowd to estimate the direction of crowd＇s attention is significantly higher than that of using an individual＇s face, which indicates that observers integrate at least two faces to perceive crowd attention. The results of experiment 2 suggest that the way in which we estimate the focus of an individual is distinct from that we do a crowd. （1） For both an individual＇s face and a crowd of faces, the entry time of noses is significantly lower than that of eyes. （2） For the individual faces, both total fixation duration and the first fixation duration of noses are longer than that of eyes. The probability of the first fixation located on noses is higher than that of eyes. （3） For the crowd of faces, there is no significant difference between the noses and eyes in the first fixation duration and total fixation duration. Yet, in the two faces or four faces conditions, the probability of the first fixation located on the eyes is higher than that on the noses. The results show that when determining the focus of individual＇s attention through facial cues, the nose is more important than eyes, while in crowd conditions, both nose and eyes are equally important.