形式公平与事实公平:两种公平观的比较及启示

Formal Fairness and Factual Fairness:Comparative Study and Insights

马克思通过批判资本主义私有制基础上的形式上的公平,指责其公平的虚假本质,揭露资本主义实质不公平,构设了在未来共产主义社会必然实现的事实上的公平,即在起点、机会、程序和结果都展现平等与公平。但处于社会主义初级阶段的中国在推行马克思公平观过程中却呈现出理论与实践之间的反差,尤其在收入分配等方面出现不良反应。这并不能否认马克思公平观的实践指导价值,也不能否认中国在实现事实上的公平的努力,也不代表社会主义道路的错误。相反,在社会主义初级阶段这一特殊时期我们更应坚持和注重马克思公平观对社会主义实践的指引,坚持公有制经济体制、资源分配方式以及宏观调控等方面所发挥出的社会主义优越性,弥补初级阶段之不足,向事实上的公平不断前行。

Marx claimed that the formal fairness on the basis of capitalist private ownership was a falsified one, and was unfair in effect. He conceived that factual fairness was to be realized in overall aspects of future communist society, like initial point, opportunity, procedure, and result. However, while China is in the preliminary phase of socialism, there appears a gap between theory and practice to develop the concept of factual fairness, which is particularly evidenced by income inequality. Instead of denying Marxism's practical guidance, and China's effort to eradicate unfairness and inequality, as well as socialist approach, we shall uphold more firmly the doctrine, and better explore advantages of socialism in respects of collective ownership, resources allocation, and macro-economic regulation to narrow the gap and stride for factual fairness.