现象学的本体论:论萨特的《存在与虚无》对现象学的贡献及其遗留问题

The Phenomenological Ontology: On the Contribution of Sartre's Existence and Nothingness to Phenomenology and Its Remaining Problems

萨特是法国著名的存在主义思想家。他在存在主义运动中所发挥的巨大作用举世公认,但他在现象学方面的哲学贡献则颇有争议。有人认为萨特与其说是哲学家不如说是文学家,《存在与虚无》是一本充满逻辑矛盾的不值得认真对待的著作。本文论证这种看法是不正确的。萨特在《存在与虚无》通过建构"现象学的本体论"解决了胡塞尔的先验现象学和海德格尔的基本本体论中的一些问题,奠定了"人道主义的存在主义"的基础。这在现象学运动的历史上具有里程碑式的意义。

Sartre is a famous existentialist thinker in France. His great role in the existentialist movement is universally recognized, but his philosophical contribution to phenomenology is controversial. Some people think that Sartre is not so much a philosopher as a writer, and his main work Existence and Nothingness contains so many logical contradictions that are not worthy of serious treatment. This article argues that this view is not correct. In Existence and Nothingness Sartre builds a distinctive ＂phenomenological ontology＂ in order to solve the problems of the Husserl＇s transcendental phenomenology and Heidegger＇s basic ontology, and to lay the foundation for the Humanitarian Existentialism. It should be regarded as a landmark in the history of phenomenology.