美国大学学术绩效的外部治理——以政府的“权力依据”为研究线索

External Governance of Academic Performance in American Universities:Taking "the Legal Basis for Governmental Power" as Research Clues

美国联邦政府对大学学术绩效的介入主要表现在依据"开支权"对大学教育绩效和依据"知识产权保护权"对大学研究绩效的干预、规制和影响上;而州政府对大学学术绩效的介入则主要表现为对公立大学实施"州政府问责制"和对私立大学进行"许可式监控"。两者根据自身的权能,依法主动承担各自在大学学术绩效外部治理中的主要责任,对保证高等教育质量和增进大学公共性具有不可替代的作用。研究结论认为,美国大学学术绩效外部治理的大致范围和方式方法能从治理主体的权力依据中找到重要线索,联邦政府和州政府作为大学学术绩效的外部治理主体同中有异。我国政府在高等教育强国和"双一流"大学建设中,可以根据本国的国情和高等教育体制,合理借鉴美国政府对大学学术绩效的治理思路和方式方法。

In the United States, the federal government＇s involvement in the academic performance of university is mainly reflected in its intervention, regulation and influence on university＇s educational performance according to its ＂spending power＂ and on university＇s research performance according to its ＂power of intellectual property protection＂. The state governments＂ involvement in the academic performance of university is mainly reflected in the implementation of the ＂state government accountability system＂ in public universities and the ＂permission monitoring＂ in private universities. Both of them undertake the external governance of university＇s academic performance legally and actively according to their own powers, and their respective primary responsibilities play an irreplaceable role in ensuring the quality of higher education and enhancing the publicity of universities. It is concluded that important clues about the general scope and methods of the external governance of academic performance in American universities may be found from the legal basis for power of governance bodies. As the external governance subjects of academic performance, there are both similarities and differences between the federal government and the state government. In its endeavor to build a powerful nation in higher education and ＂double-first-class universities＂, the Chinese government may reasonably learn from the American government＇s thoughts and methods on the governance of university academic performance based on the national conditions and higher education system of China.