“人-竿”协同视角下世界优秀女子撑竿跳高运动员技术特征——以2015年世界田径锦标赛为例

Technical Characteristics of World Elite woman Pole Vault Athletes under the Human-Pole Interaction Perspective——Taking the 2015 World IAAF Championships as an Example

通过采用协同的视角,运用录像解析等研究方法,全面、系统地揭示撑竿跳高技术"人"与"竿"之间协同运动的动作形式与规律。研究表明:世界优秀女子选手各技术环节"人"与"撑竿"具有明显的时空协同特征。在能量获得阶段其协同技术特征表现为:全程助跑节奏随着撑竿倾角的降低而逐渐加快,举竿动作是在倒2步开始进行的。插穴与起跳动作上,起跳时机相对提前。起跳点越近,起跳时撑竿的弯竿量越大,起跳水平速度的损失就越大;能量储存阶段其协同技术特征表现为:弯竿量在起跳时与传统认识基本相一致,悬垂动作时的撑竿弯曲量有所加大,摆体动作时的弯竿量少于传统认识上的弯竿量。悬垂夹角越大越有利于摆体的速度。能量释放阶段其协同技术特征表现为:(1)团身动作时,撑竿已经开始反弹,弯曲的撑竿此刻就已经恢复了一定的形变量。(2)除了"人-竿"系统以穴斗为支点向前的转动外,"人-竿"系统同时还发生了以竿弦"垂直轴"的自转。(3)团身举腿的角度越大,伸展偏离纵轴的角度越小将有利于人体向上伸展的速度和高度。(4)普遍采用倒"V"型过杆姿势。

By using the interaction perspective and video analysis,the present study aims to make a comprehensive and systematic investigation into the interactive form and laws of ' human' and ' pole' in pole vault techniques.The results show that ' human' and ' pole' exhibit obvious space-time interactive characteristics in world elite woman pole vault athletes' application of action link techniques. At the energy accumulation stage,the interactive characteristics include: the run-up rhythm gradually accelerates when the pole holding angle lowers,pole raising begins at the penultimate step. In terms of pole planting and takeoff action,takeoff starts comparatively earlier. The closer the takeoff point is to the bar,the benter the pole will be at takeoff time,and the bigger the loss of horizontal velocity at takeoff time is. At the energy storage stage,the interactive characteristics include:pole bending degree is almost the same as usual,while the pole bending degree increases during suspension action,the pole bending degree is smaller than usual. The larger the pendulous angle is,the more conducive it is to the swinging speed. At the energy release stage,the interactive characteristics include:( 1) when the body tucks,the pole has begun to rebound,the bent pole has regained certain deformation;( 2) in addition to the forward rotation of the 'human-pole' system,which takes the planting box as its fulcrum,the ' human-pole'system also rotates on the ' vertical axis' of pole arch;( 3) the larger the body-tucking and leg-lifting angleis,the smaller the stretched deviation angle from the vertical axis is,and it is more conducive to increasing the upward stretching speed and height;( 4) the inverted ' V' type of bar crossing is commonly used.