清初贰臣问题评骘话语的弹性空间

The Flexibility of Critical Discourse on the Erchen Issue in the Early Qing Dynasty

评骘话语是清初士林观照贰臣气节问题的常态化表达方式。在理学主导的明清社会,关于贰臣问题的评骘话语表达难以悖离君臣伦理的总体规范,但并非是对伦理规范毫无参差地亦步亦趋,而是存在一定幅度的弹性空间。从不同视阈来看,话语弹性空间表现为士人情感与情绪的不同趋向性空间、评骘尺度把握的游移性空间以及话语载体在文本风格上的夸饰性空间。弹性空间的形成,从细节来看,有评骘者自身的种种动因,从根本来看,道德话语权的等差格局是其内在支撑。

The critical discourse was the common expressions used by the intellectuals in the early Qing Dynasty on the moral integrity of those people who were called Erchen. With neo-Confucianism as the leading social background in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the critical discourse was closely related to the general norms of the feudal political ethics. However, it didn’t follow the ethical norms in great details. In fact, there was a certain degree of flexibility. From different perspectives, the flexibility of critical discourse showed different emotional tendencies of the intellectuals, the vacillation of evaluation scale, and the exaggeration of discourse carriers in styles. As for the origin of the flexibility, there were two main reasons. From the point of details, it was related to the mentality of those intellectuals. Basically speaking, the grading differences on moral speaking right were its internal support.