中国制造业劳动力效率损失及其分解:理论与实证

Labor Efficiency Loss in Chinese Manufacturing and Its Decomposition:Theory and Evidence

现有文献在计算中国制造业劳动力配置扭曲所导致的TFP损失时,均没有剔除外部因素的扰动,从而高估了该损失。文章在Hsieh和Klenow(2009)理论模型的基础上,重新定义劳动力配置扭曲导致的TFP损失,在剔除外部因素扰动后,估算出劳动力配置扭曲导致的TFP损失从1998年的9.00%逐渐减少到2007年的7.39%。而现有文献也缺少在企业异质性模型下对TFP损失进行分解,文章将企业按特征进行分组,建立了分组之后TFP损失分解的理论。TFP损失的分解有利于分析TFP损失的构成,为制定相关政策提供参考,该理论不仅适用于制造业还适用于农业和服务业等,具有很强的适用性。文章最后以所有权分组为例分析了我国制造业1998-2007年劳动力配置扭曲TFP损失的构成。研究表明:(1)每个行业的劳动力配置扭曲导致的TFP损失是该行业的劳动力份额、产品替代弹性和劳动力成本产出比对数方差的增函数;(2)行业内各组之间不存在劳动力配置扭曲的条件为行业内各组企业的劳动力配置扭曲程度均值相等;(3)企业按所有权分组后,我国1998-2007年由劳动力配置扭曲导致的制造业TFP损失主要来自于组内,并且该损失在此时间段已经由国有企业和集体企业为主体变成了以其他企业为主体。

In the existing literature, methods for calculating TFP loss caused by labor allocation distortion in the manufacturing industry of China do not eliminate the disturb- ances of external factors, thereby making the TFP loss significantly overestimated. On the basis of the benchmark model of Hsieh and Klenow（2009）, this paper redefines the TFP loss resulting from labor allocation distortion. After eliminating the disturbances of exter- nal factors, it concludes that the TFP loss of China＇s manufacturing industry caused by la- bor allocation distortion is gradually decreasing from 9.00% in 1998 to 7.39% in 2007. Mo- reover, since the existing literature lacks related theory of TFP loss decomposition under the model of heterogeneity enterprises, this paper divides enterprises into groups by their characteristics, and establishes the theory of TFP loss decomposition. TFP loss decompo- sition is helpful to analyze the composition of TFP loss, and provides a reference for rele- vant policy formulation. The theory of TFP loss decomposition is applicable to databases like not only the manufacturing industry but also agriculture and services industry. Final- ly, this paper studies the composition of TFP loss resulting from labor allocation distortion from 1998 to 2007 in manufacturing after grouping enterprises by ownership as an exam- ple. It comes to the following results： firstly, the TFP loss caused by labor allocation dis- tortion in every industry is the increasing function of the industry＇s share of labor force, the elasticity of product substitution and the labor-output logarithm ratio variance; second- ly, the inexistence of labor allocation distortion between groups in an industry needs to satisfy the condition that the average value of enterprises＇ labor allocation distortion for every groups within the industry is equal;thirdly, after dividing enterprises into groups by ownership, it obtains that the TFP loss in China＇s manufacturing industry from 1998 to 2007 caused by labor allocation distortion is mainly composed by in-group loss, and it has changed from the state-owned enterprises and collective enterprises as the main reason to other enterprises as the main reason.