“公意”与“私意”新辨：“鱼死网破”抑或“同舟共济”

A New Analysis of the Relationship between “General Will” and“Particular Will”:“Opposite” or “Interdependent”

公意是卢梭政治思想的核心,对公意与私意的关联性认知是理解卢梭公意理论的关键。事实上,公意由个体公意、决策公意和契约公意三者构成,这种作为人格化共同体意志的公意在卢梭看来与私意之间并非鱼死网破的零和博弈关系,而是处于一种同舟共济的非零和博弈状态,它展现在应然和实然两种状态下的个体公民与政府角色两个层面上。究其缘由,首先是卢梭的历史观即历史发展的内在压力与外在压力使然,其次是卢梭的人性论即自爱与怜悯在社会中的转变所致,最后则是因为卢梭的二元政治观铭刻着中世纪神学与世俗二元论的烙印。

General will is the core of Rousseau ＇ s political theory, and the cognition of the relationship between genera will and particular will is the key to comprehending Rousseau＇ s theory of general will.Actually, Rousseau insists that general will is made up of individual general will, the general will of policy making and contract general will, and the relationship between general will and particular will is interdependent non -zero -sum instead of the zero -sum, which is showed in citizen and government in the state of idealism and realism.And there are three reasons.Firstly, Rousseau has a special history view that the development of history results from internal pressure and external pressure of a country.Secondly, it is because of the social shift of Rousseau＇ s theory of human nature which refers to self-love and sympathy.Finally, it is because of Rousseau＇ s political dualism with the stigma of Medieval dualism.