论德国电信监听的法律规制——基于基本权利的分析

The Legal Regulation about Telecommunications Surveillance in Germany:An Analysis Based on Fundamental Rights

通信自由和通信秘密属于德国基本法中具有较高保护位阶的法益,而刑事诉讼中的电信监听对公民的这一基本权利进行了限制。基于法律保留原则,德国刑事诉讼法中对电信监听作出了详细的程序性限制。另外,电信通讯过程中所产生的数据和通话内容,不能理所当然地适用电信监听的有关规定,针对不同的电信数据,德国刑事诉讼法中有不同的适用条款。此外,在反恐时代,刑事追诉机关是否有权通过植入"木马程序"来进行秘密侦查(例如"网络搜查"和"源端监听"),目前在德国尚存在较大的争议。

The freedom of communication and the privacy of communication are of high protection level in the Basic Law of the Federal Republic of Germany, however surveillance of telecommunication in the criminal procedure restricts this basic right of the citizen. Based on the principle of legal reservation, German Criminal Procedure Law set out some detailed procedural restrictions on telecommunication surveillance. In addition, the provisions of telecommunication surveillance cannot be applied to all the process of telecommunication and data generated in telecommunications. German Criminal Procedure Law has different applicable provisions for different types of telecommunications data. Besides, in the era of Anti - Terrorism, it remains a big controversy in Germany whether criminal prosecution authorities have the right to utilize ＂Trojan program＂ （e. g. Network search and Source telecommunication surveillance） to conduct a secret investigation.