胶州湾滨海湿地春季北迁鸻鹬鸟类多样性及变化

Diversity of Northward Migratory Waders in Coastal Wetlands of Jiaozhou Bay in Spring and Its Change

胶州湾滨海湿地是东亚—澳大利西亚候鸟迁徙路线上鸻鹬鸟类等水鸟在春、秋季迁徙途中的重要停歇地。在调查2016年春季停歇在胶州湾滨海湿地的北迁鸻鹬鸟类及其生境基础上,对比了2004年春季与2016年春季在胶州湾滨海湿地停歇的北迁鸻鹬鸟类的种类和数量,分析了鸻鹬鸟类停歇地的生境特征及鸻鹬鸟类种类和数量变化的原因。研究结果表明,与2004年春季相比,受湿地面积萎缩、大米草(Spartina anglica)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)入侵、滩涂底质和水质污染、公路交通噪声干扰以及在滩涂采捕贝类等传统渔业生产活动影响,2016年春季,在胶州湾滨海湿地停歇的北迁鸻鹬鸟类种类和数量明显减少,生物多样性水平下降,水鸟种类由3科10属20种变化至4科9属14种,数量由19 286只减少至9 407只,Shannon-Weiner多样性指数由1.685减小至0.203,Pielou均匀度指数由0.562减小至0.077;提出了保护胶州湾滨海湿地植物和潮间带滩涂、控制污水向海排放、控制大米草和互花米草入侵、引导当地社区居民参与鸻鹬鸟类保护、对鸻鹬鸟类保护进行生态补偿、采用工程和管理措施减轻公路交通噪声等保护胶州湾滨海湿地鸻鹬鸟类的对策。

The coastal wetlands in Jiaozhou Bay are important stopover site for northward migratory waders in the East Asian-Australasian Flyway in spring and autumn. Based on the survey of the northward migratory waders and their habitats in the coastal wetlands of Jiaozhou Bay in the spring of 2016, their species and quantity in this area were compared in the spring of 2004 and 2016. The characteristics of their habitats and the reasons for the changes in the species and quantity of the birds were analyzed. The results showed that, compared with the spring of 2004, with the effects of shrinking of wetland area, the harmful plants of Spartina anglica and Spartina alterniflora invasion, beach sedimentation and water pollution, the noise of road traffic and the activities of traditional fishery production, the species and quantity of the waders northward migrated to this area were significantly reduced and the level of biodiversity was decreased in the spring of 2016. The species had varied from 3 family, 10 genera and 20 species to 4 families, 9 genera and 14 species, the quantity had declined from 19 286 individuals to 9 407 individuals, the diversity index had declined from 1.685 to 0.203 and the uniformity index had declined from 0.562 to 0.077. The countermeasures of protecting northward migratory waders in coastal wetlands of Jiaozhou Bay were putted forward in this paper, including protection of plants in the wetlands and intertidal zone, control of the discharge of sewage to the sea, control invasion of harmful plants, guidance of the local residents to participate in the protection of the waders and the ecological environment, ecological compensating of the waders protection, reducing the noise of road traffic by using engineering and management measures, etc.