土地流转与农民收入变化研究

Land transfer and income change of peasants

土地流转作为我国农村土地制度改革的重点受到了广泛的关注,但土地流转能否显著增加农民收入,达到改善农村内部收入差距的目的,现有研究并未得到一致结论。本文在文献回顾和总结的基础上,依据中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)数据,运用倾向值匹配(PSM)方法和基于回归的夏普里值分解(Shapley Value)方法,从收入水平和收入差距两个维度实证分析土地流转对农民收入的影响。研究结果表明:(1)参与土地流转能够显著提高农户家庭收入水平。土地流转使转入户家庭人均总收入和农业收入显著提高18.18%和72.46%,并且大规模转入的农户人均总收入的增加程度显著高于小规模转入农户,说明土地流转存在规模效应。土地流转对转出户的收入水平没有显著影响,可能的原因一方面由于土地流转市场发育不完善,没有显化租金;另一方面劳动力转移先于土地流转,使土地流转对农户家庭劳动力的释放作用不显著。(2)土地流转对农村内部收入差距的贡献度为4.19%,排名第五,表明土地流转不是造成农村内部收入差距拉大的主要原因。人力资本和村庄特征对农村内部收入差距影响较大。根据研究结论提出三点政策建议:第一,通过完善农地流转市场,稳定土地租金水平,使转出户获得合理的租金收入;第二,促进农地适度规模经营,提高转入户农业经营收入,缩小农户与非农经营户之间的收入差距;第三,提高农户就业竞争力,促进劳动力转移,增加转出户非农务工收入。

Land transfer has become an important issue of the reform of rural land system in China. Whether land transfer has contributed to the increase of farmers＇ income and narrowing income inequality remains unanswered. Such analysis is of a great significance for improving the rural land system. This paper uses Propensity Score Matching （ PSM ） method and the Shapley value decomposition method to analyze the impact of land transfer on peasants＇ income and income inequality based on China Family Panel Studies （CFPS） data. The results indicate that：（1）Land transfer is useful to raise peasants＇ income. Per capita income and agricultural income of transfer peasants are respectively 18.18% and 72.46% higher than non-transfer peasants. Furthermore, income effect varies among peasants with different rent-in areas. More specifically, the increase of income is significantly higher among peasants with larger rent-in land area than those with smaller area, implying that land transfer has a scale effect. Land transfer has no significant effect on income increase for rent-out peasants, for a possible reason that land rent is not fully marketed due to the imperfect land transfer market. An additional reason is that labor force immigrant takes place before land transfer, thus land transfer has no significant effect on the release of farm laborers. （2）The contribution of land transfer to the peasants＇ income inequality is 4.19%, ranking the fifth. This result shows that land transfer is not the main factor for causing peasants＇ income inequality. In comparison, both the human capital and characteristics of the village have more significant effects. It pats forword following policy suggestions： （1）In order to provide rent- out peasants with more reasonable rental income, it is necessary to develop the land transfer market and stabilize the land rent level. （2） In order to narrow the income gap between peasants and off-farm immigrants, it is useful to increase the agricultural income for households by promoting the proper scale of farmland. （3）In order to increase the rent-out peasants＇ off-farm income, it is necessary to enhance the employment competitiveness of peasants, as well as to promote the transfer of labor.