清代仓储的经营绩效考察

A Study on the Performance of Granary in the Qing Dynasty

清代仓储的经营绩效与其经营方式紧密相关。通过对清代仓储运作情况的考察发现,常平仓通过仓谷买卖获取利润的难度大,成功的个案少;社仓通过借贷仓谷获取利润的难度也很大,出借频率低。乾隆四十五年各地督抚汇报的常平仓盈余数额,充分反映了全国常平仓赢利能力的有限;乾隆五年朝廷有关常平仓采买的争论,显现出清朝官员经济意识的低下;山西义仓和直隶义仓多年的借贷经验,反映了社仓和义仓盈利能力的有限。无论常平仓,还是社仓,其经营理念始终局限在于粮食流通领域获取利润的模式。这种以仓养仓的经营模式,是传统仓储运作出现困境的重要因素。与仓储紧密相连的清代国家的治理水平和经济意识,也不应过分高估。

The operating performance of granary in the Qing dynasty was closely related to its business model. Through an analysis of the operation of the ＂ever-normal granary＂ （changping cang） in the Qing dynasty, the author finds that it was difficult for these granaries to gain profit through the grain trade, there were few such successful cases. Similarly, an analysis of the operation of the ＂community granary＂ （she cang） in the Qing dynasty reveals that it was difficult to make profit through the loaning of grain： such loans rarely occurred. The practice of ever-normal granary^s reward proved its gaining profit was difficult for other granaries in 1780, the debate of ever-normal granary~ s buying and loaning were showing the Qing dynasty officials~ s economic awareness in1740, the experience from loaning of Shanxi Yi cang and Zhili yi cang was also reflected the limited profitability of granaries. The ever-normal granary and the community granary shared a business philosophy that was limited to the model of gaining profit in grain circulation. This business model of ＂using granary to nourish granary＂ （yi cang yang cang） was an important factor for the plight of the operation of the traditional granary. The operation of the granary was closely related to the Qing dyrmsty＂s level of state governance, which, as shown in the above analysis, should not be overestimated.