论国际人权法的产生和历史分期

On the Emergence of the International Human Rights Law and Its Historical Stages

无论是"二阶段论"还是"三阶段论",学者们大都回避国际人权法的产生问题。国际人权法的产生,必须同时符合三项标准:其一,以国际人权条约的形式确定缔约国应当遵守的人权标准;其二,依法建立专门负责监督该人权条约实施的国际机构;其三,建立法定的监督程序。以此为标准,国际劳工组织的劳工保护制度和国际联盟的少数人保护制度标志着国际人权法的产生,尽管它们存在这样或那样的缺陷。国际人权法的历史发展过程分为三个阶段:萌芽阶段、产生和初步发展阶段、全面发展阶段。

Most human rights scholars, whether holding the two-stage theory or the three-stage theory, avoid the issue of the emergence of the international human rights law. Occurrence of the international human rights law must simultaneously meet three standards, namely, 1. setting up human rights standards which should be observed by the party states in the form of international human rights treaties ; 2. establishing international institutes specially in charge of the supervision of the implementation of human rights treaties in accordance with the law; and 3. estab- lishing the legal supervision procedures. Based on these standards, Labor protection system of the International La- bor Organization and the minority protection system of the International Union marked the emergence of the interna- tional human rights law in spite of their defects. The development of international human rights law can be divided into three stages： the infancy stage, the emergence-and-primary-development stage, and the overall development stage.