意大利中部山地村镇典型形态类型研究

A Study on the Typology of Mountainous Towns and Villages in Central Italy

意大利中部亚平宁山脉及周边丘陵地区存在大量的历史村镇,保存较好且形态特征明显。基于2015—2016年间对其中40余个山地历史村镇的调研,本文对其村镇形态以及城市设计特色进行了分析。研究发现,该地区的山地村镇形态存在4种典型类型:1.位于山丘顶部、环形城墙加以护卫;2.堡垒居于高处,村庄在堡垒下沿等高线展开;3.河谷深切形成楔形台地,村镇占据楔形台地发展;4.村镇依突兀台地而建、凭陡峭地势而守,每种类型均与地形以及形成的过程相关。同时,本文还从边界与核心、慢行系统与公共空间、房屋肌理与界面、山地特色要素4个方面对这些山地村镇的城市设计特色进行了剖析。

There are widely distributed towns and villages built since the Middle Ages in the mountainous countryside, which have been well protected. Based on investigation on more than 40 historical towns in Italy during the period of 2015-2016, this paper analyzes the forms of towns ＆ villages. There are four typical types of forms of towns： I, Towlls are located on the top of the hill, circulated with walls to guard the town; 2, Fortresses are located in high places to lookout and control, while town ＆ village are located in the lower places and extend along the contour lines; 3, Towns ＆ Villages are situated at the intersection of the two valleys on the wedge-shaped platforms curved by two valleys; 4, Those are placed in high platforms formed by nature in a plain guarded by steep terrains. Then, this paper summarizes four features of mountainous town design, including Boundaries and cores, Pedestrian circulation and public space, House fabric and interface, Mountainous characteristic elements.