关于发放堪布土登口粮契约的几个问题——以三件英藏敦煌藏文文书为例

Some Questions of the Three Contracts about Providing Mkhan Po Thub Brtan with Grain

英藏敦煌藏文文书IJT844、IJT914、IJT1397三件关于吐蕃瓜州官府给堪布土登(mkhan po thub brtan)发放口粮的契约中出现的土登应该是位吐蕃高级僧官,曾经担任吐蕃佛教宗师一天下僧统,卢彼赞(lo byi btsan)则是瓜州都仓曹(spyi tshogs gyi stsang mngan),总管瓜州节度使辖区的粮食征收,沙州则有仓曹(stsang mngan),亦称为官仓小财务官(khab sovi mngan chung)负责当地粮食征收。吐蕃瓜、沙等地官府和寺院粮仓向部落民户、寺户无息借贷粮食与吐蕃王朝在全国实施寺院属民制度和养僧制度有关。

In the Dunhuang Tibetan manuscripts IJT844,IJT914,IJT1397 which are three contracts about providing mkhan po thub brtan with grain,the thub brtan was a Tibetan high Buddhist officer, he had ever been the Tibetan Buddhist highest officer：Tian xia seng tong. The lo byi btsan was Guazhou Du tang cao（ spyi tshogs gyi stsang mngan） which was in charge of the collecting grain in the area of Guazhou Jie du shi. There were tang cao in Shashou, which also was called khab sovi mngan chung, was responsible for the collecting grain in Shazhou. The Tibetan govemment＇s grain warehouse and temple＇ s grain warehouse in Guashou and Shazhou lent the peoples in the tribes and peoples affiliated to temples grain with no interest, this measure was relate to the system of peoples affiliated to temples and offering monks in Tibetan empire.