‘灰枣’及其芽变品系的物候和生育特性研究

Study on Phenology and Growth Characteristics of Ziziphus jujuba ‘Huizao'and Its Bud Mutation Strains

【目的】通过‘灰枣’及其3个芽变品系(灰实2、灰实7、灰实8)的物候观测和生育特性调查,探讨‘灰枣’及其芽变品系生长适应性的差异,为‘灰枣’良种选育及科学栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用双因素裂区试验设计,定期、定株地对‘灰枣’及其3个芽变品系的物候及生长特性展开连续2年的系统观测和对比分析。【结果】芽变品系的年生长发育周期较‘灰枣’短,同一物候期均较‘灰枣’推迟。芽变品系与‘灰枣’的整个花期差异不大,但芽变品系的始花期较长,而盛花期较短。坐果数与枣吊长度、展叶数、花量变化趋势基本一致,但与枣吊数量没有直接的相关关系。灰实2、灰实7树体高大,灰实8树体有矮化现象。芽变品系的树形较为直立,开张角度较‘灰枣’小,树形较为收缩,新梢长度与‘灰枣’存在差异,二次枝节间距均大于‘灰枣’,且二次枝上的托叶刺出现了不同程度的退化现象,果形均呈现偏长趋势。灰实2叶片较大且厚,叶绿素含量较高,单株产量较高,具有丰产性。灰实2、灰实7果个较大,果核较小,可食率较高。灰实8果个较小,可食率较低。【结论】芽变品系与‘灰枣’的物候特征和生育特征存在一定的差异,栽植和推广优良品种(系)时应考虑其生长发育特性,因地制宜开展生产活动。

[ Objective ] Based on the observation of phenology and investigation of growth characteristics of Ziziphus jujuba ＇ Huizao＇ its three bud mutation strains （ gray experiment 2, gray experiment 7 and gray experiment 8 ） were studied to explore their differences in growth adapt- ability and provide scientific basis for selective improved variety and cultivation of Ziziphusjujuba ＇ Huizao＇. [ Method] Split plot field exper- iment of two factors was designed, plant samples were fixed, phenology and growth characteristics of Ziziphus jujuba ＇ Huizao＇ and its three bud mutation strains were system atically observed and comparative analyzed periodically for two years. [ Result] The results showed that the annum cycle of growth and development of bud mutation strains were shorter than Ziziphus jujuba ＇ Huizao＇ , the same phenophase were post- poned than it. There was no significant difference between Ziziphus jujuba ＇ Huizao＇ and bud mutation strains in the whole flowering period, but the initial flowering period of bud mutation strains was longer, and full flowering period was shorter. The number of fruitlet and length of bearing branchlet, number of spread leaves, flower number was broadly in line with a change trend, but there was no direct correlation be- tween the number of fruitlet and the number of shedding shoot of jujube. The tree of gray experiment 2 and gray experiment 7 were tall, the gray experiment 8 exhibited dwarf phenomenon. The trunk of bud mutation strains were relatively upright, the spreading angle was smaller than Ziziphus jujuba ＇ Huizao＇ , the tree shape was relatively contraction. It had differences at new shoot length compared to the Ziziphus jujuba ＇ Huizao＇. The distance between leaves of secondary shoot was larger than Ziziphus jujuba ＇ Huizao＇ and the stipule thorn of secondary shoot showed varying degrees of degradation. The fruit shape showed a rather long trend. Gray experiment 2 had a larger and thicker leaf, higher chlorophyll content, higher yield per plant than other varieties and exhibited high yield. The fruit of gray experiment 2 and gray experiment 7 was relatively larger, stones were relatively small, edible rate higher. The fruit of gray experiment 8 was relatively smaller and edible rate was lower. [ Conclusion ] There are some differences of phneology and growth characteristics between bud mutation strains and Ziziphus jujuba ＇ Huizao＇ , when planting and popularizing fine varieties should consider the growth and development characteristics, adjust measures to local condition to develop production activities