从南疆汉话“-kεn/-ɡεn”与上海话“伊讲”[ik?]和现代维吾尔语ikεn的语义看传信范畴

A Comparison of the Evidentials of kεn/ɡεn in Chinese Spoken in Southern Xinjiang,[ik?] in Shanghai Dialect,and ikεn in Modern Uyghur

传信(evidentiality~①),广义上指研究说话人信息的来源以及对信息的态度或介入程度,主要倾向于研究信息的三个来源:亲身体验的、听说的、推测的,其在语法层的体现被称为传信范畴。上海话里存在两个形式相同或近似,而语义、功能迥异的"伊讲"。一个是由"伊"和"讲"构成的主谓短语,意思是"他说",标示出一个"传闻",带有示传信成分的性质,以下记作"伊讲1";另一个"伊讲"在句法上属于词,是一个语义上相当于"居然、竟然"的语用标记,表示说话人对特定信息感到"惊讶",以下记作"伊讲2"。新疆南疆汉话词尾"-kεn/-ɡεn"和现代维吾尔语系词ikεn也表示"传闻"与"惊异"这一传信语义。

Evidentiality in its broad sense is about the source of information, the attitude of the speaker and the extent of his/her interference in the information, but with main focus on three sources of information： witness, second-hand, and inferential evidentials. There exist two [ika] in Shanghai dialect which are identical or similar in form but completely different in meaning and function. One is a subject-predicate phrase constructed by [i] and [ka] meaning ＂he/she said＂, marking a hearsay or rumor （recorded as [ika]1）, and the otheris syntacticallya word-a pragmatic marker with the meaning similar to ＂unexpectedly, to one＇ s surprise＂ and indicating the speaker＇ s surprise toward specific information （recorded as [ika]2）. ken/gen in Chinese spoken in southern Xinjiang andikenin modern Uyghur also contain both the meanings of ＂hearsay＂ and ＂surprise＂.