明清时期土家族土司音乐制度考释

Textual Research on Chieftain Musical System of Tujia Nationality During Ming and Qing Dynasties

土家族土司音乐制度是封建王朝在土家族地区实施的一种民族文化政策,是土司对土民的一种文化管理措施。与前朝相比,明清时期的土司音乐制度较为完善,它包括了土家族土司巫术与占卜音乐、土司部族战争音乐、土司消灾禳解音乐,同时还包括土司自然崇拜和鬼神崇拜时的祭祀音乐,形成一套完整的宗教、民俗、军事仪式音乐制度。政治制度与经济发展对土家族土司音乐制度产生了巨大影响,从历史发展脉络来看,土家族土司统治时期所反映土家族人生活的民俗音乐、仪式音乐与典型的土司祭祀音乐等,都突出体现了土司音乐受到政治的影响、宗教的渗透和经济发展的促进。

As a kind of national cultural policy in Tujia area, the chieftain musical system of Tujia nationality was a measure of cultural management. Compared to the previous dynasties, the musical system is more complete in Ming and Qing dynasties, with different forms of witchcraft and divination music, tribe batde music, hazard-distinction mu- sic, and music for sacrifice to nature and gods, which formed a set of musical system with religious, folk and military ceremonies. Political system and economic development have great influence on the formation of chieftain musical system of Tujia Nationality. Analyzing from the development of Tujia nationality, all kinds of musical system showed the influence of politics, religion and economy.