运动训练学的学科起源新探:一种知识谱系视角的考察

New Exploration on the Discipline Origin of Sports Training:An Investigation from the Perspective of Knowledge Pedigree

运用文献资料法和文本分析法对19世纪中叶至20世纪中叶的运动训练学著作进行考察,力图从知识谱系的视角对运动训练学的学科起源问题做出新的探研。研究认为:1)运动训练理论研究工作始于19世纪中期的英国,田径、拳击和皮划艇是当时研究者关注的主要项目;2)在19世纪中后期,运动训练理论学者普遍具有医学知识背景,由此确立了运动训练学与医学密切的先天联系;3)研究者在19世纪中后期普遍将饮食、沐浴、睡眠、空气和着装视为运动训练的重要构成要素;4)英国在19世纪后半段始终占据着世界运动训练研究水平的制高点,至20世纪初逐渐被美国所赶超;5)20世纪头20年是运动训练理论的高速发展阶段,这时的运动训练学知识体系已具雏形,研究者以具有丰富训练和参赛经验的教练员和退役运动员为主;6)运动训练学在20世纪中叶已初步构成了一套成熟的学科知识体系,并延续至今。从知识体系演进的角度看,将哈雷的《训练学》视为运动训练学的形成标志是一种恰当的选择,有益于明确运动训练学在人才培养、科学研究等方面的正确发展方向。

This study analyzed sports training books that published from the mid-19th century to the mid-20th century by the method of literature and text analysis, tried to make a new exploration on the discipline origin of sports training. Conclusions： 1 ） The theory research of sports training started from the UK in the mid-19th century, and athletics, boxing and kayaking were the main concerns of researchers at the time; 2） In the late 19th century, the scholars of sports training generally had a medical knowledge background, which established a relationship between sports training and medicine; 3 ） In the mid and late 19th century, researches generally considered diet, bathing, sleeping, air and clothing as the important components of sports training ; 4 ） Britain had always occupied the world research level of sports training in the second half of the 19th century, and was caught up by the United States in the early 20th century gradually ; 5 ） The first 20 years of the 20th century is the rapid development stage of sports training theory, at this time, the sports training system has a prototype, the researchers are mainly coa- ches and retired athletes with rich training and competition experience; 6） Sports training has initially formed a set of mature discipline knowledge system in the mid-20th century that continues to date. It is an appropriate choice to consider Harre＇s Trainingslehre as the discipline formation symbol of sports training from the perspective of the evolution of knowledge system. It is beneficial to clear the correct direction of development of sports training in personnel training and scientific research.