转型期农村宅基地边际化的内涵、特征与诊断指标

Characteristics and diagnostic criteria of rural residential land marginalization in the urban-rural transformation development period in China

本文主要考察城乡转型发展与农村空心化背景下,农村宅基地利用形态的演变与边际化问题。在剖析农村宅基地边际化概念和内涵的基础上,探讨了宅基地边际化的类型及其在区域土地利用中的表现特征,提出了相应的诊断标准。农村宅基地的边际化是一种在现有的土地利用和社会经济结构条件下,农村宅基地原始的居住保障功能不断弱化、衰退或被其他用途取代的现象。农户对宅基地边际化的行为响应,将导致区域农村宅基地在利用程度、功能与使用制度等方面发生重大变化。农村宅基地的"利用率诊断"、"自住面积比例诊断"与"利用成本诊断"是诊断农村宅基地边际化类型、测度农村宅基地边际化趋势的三个主要步骤。一般而言,该宅基地的利用率明显下降是显性边际化的重要标志;而在宅基地多功能利用过程中,自住面积比例的不断降低,体现了农村宅基地的隐性边际化;最后,农村宅基地现有自住用途下利用成本的增加,是其边际化趋势预测的重要依据。本文可为城乡发展转型期农村宅基地利用形态和功能变化提供新的研究视角。

This study examines changes in form and marginalization of the rural residential land in China under the background of urban-rural transformation development. We first defined the concept and essence of marginalization of rural residential land, then discussed its main characteristics and developed the diagnostic criteria. Marginalization of rural residential land is a gradual process, in which the existing housing security function of such land is weakening, declining, or being replaced by other uses under an existing land use and socioeconomic structure. Meanwhile, farmers’ response behavior will result in significant changes in rural residential land in terms of land use intensity, conversion, and management system. Utilization rate, area ratio of self-occupancy, and cost of use are three main indices to diagnose the marginalization of rural residential land.Generally, decline of the utilization rate is an important indicator of explicit marginalization of rural residential land. Under multifunctional use, a gradual decrease of the self-occupancy area ratio indicates an implicit marginalization. An increase of the use cost of current land use is a reliable evidence for predicting the trend of marginalization. The discussion on the characteristics of the marginalization of rural residential land and its diagnostic criteria will provide a new research perspective for the changes in the form and function of rural residential land.