继道统与制礼法:汉代孔子见老子图的图像逻辑及其传播

Inheriting Orthodoxy and Formulating Rite:the Visual Logic and Spreading of the Picture of Confucius Visiting Laozi in Han Dynasty

孔子见老子图是汉代墓葬艺术中的常见题材。结合与之相对应出现的周公辅成王图,通过图像和相关文献分析,笔者认为,孔子见老子图是用孔子见老子故事来表现孔子,而老子、项橐以及孔子弟子,都是孔子继承上天道统过程中的辅助角色。另外,孔子对于汉室的现实意义是,他还是制作礼法的素王。孔子和周公一道,成为统治者利用的资源,被国家祭祀,也被视觉化。孔子见老子图从庙堂到墓葬的传播,也反映了汉代经义和谶纬思想传播的过程,由上而下、逐渐混杂、逐渐泛化。

The Picture of Confucius Visiting Laozi is a regular motif in the tomb art of Han Dynasty. Comparing with the Picture of the Duke of Zhou Assisting King Cheng of Zhou which appeared in same time frequently, the paper finds that the picture is expressing Confucius by the story of Confucian visiting Laozi. Relative images and literature show the Laozi, Xiang Tuo and students of Confucius all are assistants of the process of Confucius inheriting the orthodoxy from the heaven. Additionally, in politic, his earthly significance for the rulers of Han Dynasty is that the Confucius is an un-accessed king who formulated rites. In Han Dynasty, Confucius and the Duke of Zhou were used, sacrificed and visualized by the rulers and state. Moreover, the spreading of the picture from temples to tombs shows the transmission of the idea of Classics and divination(chen wei). The transmission is spreading from up to down, mixed and fogged gradually.