无声的河流:明初到清中叶写作教学传统研究

A Silent River:A Historical Research on the Tradition of Writing Instruction from Early Ming to Middle Qing Dynasty

本文通过分析从明初到清中叶85位教育名人的生平日记、书信、序、铭、志、记、论文、手札、讲义、塾帖等资料发现,这些曾在书院、私塾等场所任教过的教师在写作教学方面存在明确的共识,主要表现在:文章根本在于道、气、性,好文章的标准在于思想立意深远独立、境界高远,以及提升写作能力要从明道、养气、做好人、读经、躬行实践等个人涵养层面入手等观念。这些关于写作教学的思想共识表现出鲜明的同一性、整体性、人本性、非功利性,也反映出单一性和封闭性的特征,体现出对中国儒学和理学传统以及古代文论传统的传承和延续,深深根植于宋明理学的核心观念,八股教学不应被用于指称这一时期的写作教学全貌或写作教学传统。

Through analyzing the teaching diaries,journals,handouts,blogs and letters of 85 famous teachers who lived in the Ming or early Qing Dynasty and taught writing in old-style public or private schools,the author discovers that these teachers had clear agreements on writing instruction.These agreements are:(1) The root of writing lies in Tao,Matter(Qi),and Innate Qualities(Xing);(2) the standards of good writing are independent and in-depth thinking as well as moral values;and(3) to enhance writing ability one should try best to improve his level of Tao,Qi and Xing,to learn to be a good man,to read as many ancient classics as possible,and to practice his moral values in daily life.The teachers' consensuses on writing instruction are identical,integral,humanistic,non-utilitarian,exclusive,and closed.Besides,deeply rooted in the core concepts of Neo-Confucianism,these consensuses also reflect a good inheritance and continuation of Chinese Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism,and of Chinese ancient literary theories.Consequently,the Stereotyped Writing(Baguwen) instruction should no longer be used to refer to the whole picture or the tradition of the writing instruction in this period.