中国农村污染工业发展机制研究

On Development of Pollution-intensive Industries in Rural Areas in China

近年来,中国农村地域内工业发展造成的环境污染显示出加重和蔓延趋势。通过对第一、二次全国经济普查企业数据的分析发现,中国农村地区污染制造企业数量多、规模小、分布广、增长快、体量大、重化工业等背离农村技术和农业资源优势的污染制造企业占有绝对比重。采用Logit模型对企业在城乡选址行为进行定量分析,结果表明,土地成本较低和环境管制宽松对企业在农村选址起了显著的作用,而土地成本的影响远远高于环境管制。这表明中国城乡间存在着"污染避难所"效应,但是其影响远小于低价土地成本所发挥的作用。由于地方政府在污染工业格局的形成方面发挥了决定性作用,因此加强农村地区工业污染治理的关键环节是严格管理污染企业的用地总量和空间布局。

Industrial pollution in Chinese rural areas has been deteriorating and spreading in recent years.Based on firm-level data of the first and second National Economic Census,this paper finds that there are more and smaller pollution-intensive firms in rural areas than in urban areas.Rural firms distribute widely,grow fast and take a huge volume as a whole.The heavy chemical industries prevail in rural areas,where it is not rich in technology and agricultural resource.The paper employs a Logit model to analyze quantitatively how firm location behavior is determined.It finds that coefficients of land cost and environmental regulation are both significant while the former is quite larger than the latter.It shows that there is pollution haven effect between rural and urban areas though the effect is rather smaller than that of cheap land.It concludes that government should control industrial pollution by supply of land for polluters through both overall volume and space distribution.