明代松潘的“黑人”和“白人”

“Black People” and “White People” of Songpan 松潘 in the Ming Dynasty

明代松潘地区羌藏民族有"大姓"、"小姓"和"黑人"、"白人"的划分。《松潘边图》上的"黑人"、"白人"与"大姓"、"小姓"并不构成严格对应关系。明代松潘"黑人"、"白人"的划分,与羌藏民族"以白为善,以黑为恶"和以"心之顺逆"自划"心白人"、"心黑人"的风俗习惯相关,是明人"因俗而治"的边疆治理政策。"白人"为"善寨",顺服明王朝,是抚的对象;"黑人"为"恶寨",叛逆明王朝,是剿的对象。明人对羌藏民族"黑人"、"白人"与"生番"、"熟番"划分的依据基本相同,其与明王朝的顺逆关系构成其划分依据的核心内涵。在具体的历史语境中,二者可以相互指代,"生番"、"熟番"划分可以成为区别"黑人"、"白人"的依据。

The Qiangs and the Tibetans of Songpan were classified as'big surname','small surname'and'black people','white people'in the Ming Dynasty.'Black people' and 'white people'in Songpan Bian Tu 松潘边图(Map of Songpan)did not strictly correspond to 'big surname' and 'small surname'.The classification of'black people'and'white people',a borderland administration policy of'custom and rule'for the Ming court,was related with the custom and convention of 'white for benevolence,black for viciousness',and classifying 'white-heart people'and 'black-heart people'according to their'obedience or rebellion'among the Qiangs and the Tibetans.'White people'lived in benevolent villages.They submitted to the court of the Ming Dynasty,and should be appeased.'Black people'inhabited in vicious villages.They were rebellious to the court,and should be put down.The standard of classifying 'black people'and 'white people' was basically same with'sheng-fan' 生番and 'shu-fan'熟番.The relations with the Ming court were core of the standard.In specific historical context,the two pairs may be reciprocally substituted.The standard of classifying 'sheng-fan'and 'shu-fan'could be used to distinguish 'black people'and 'white people'.