群体自我超越的困境及其途径探究——尼布尔《道德的人与不道德的社会》浅析

The Dilemma of Group Self-Transcendence and the Exploration of Solution:The Brief Analysis of Moral Man and Immoral Society by Reinhold Niebuhr

尼布尔认为,人本性中的非自私冲动赋予了他一种超越自我去追求生命永恒性的能力,促使他与其他生命共同体达到某种和谐。这种自我超越性在个体上是比较容易实现的,尤其是将理性和宗教作为个体在社会中的资源而言,都为个体的自我超越提供了助力。但当个人进入到社会,由于社会是个复杂的有机共同体,理性资源的匮乏、宗教资源的局限、国家自身的虚伪与自私、特权阶级间的伪善与自欺,使得个体的自我超越能力在社会中受到极大限制,从而形成群体自我超越的困境。通过对强制的分析,笔者认为,实现群体自我超越的有效策略应如尼布尔所言,将强制手段与理性道德和宗教仁爱相结合。

Niebuhr believed that the non-selfish impulse in human nature makes him go beyond himself and gives him an ability to pursue the immutability of life,prompted him and other community to achieve a harmonious life. This self-transcendence on individuals is relatively easy to implement, especially the rationality and religion as an individual in society in terms of resources,provide for individual self-transcendence help. But when individuals into the society, because the society is a complex organic community, the lack of rational resources, the limitations of religious resources, the country＇s own hypocrisy and selfishness, hypocrisy and self-deception between privileged classes, make the individual self-transcendence is limited by greatly in the society, and give rise to the dilemma of group self-transcendence. Through the analysis of the force, the author thinks that, the effective strategies of realization of group self-transcendence should be as Niebuhr said： force method should be combined with rational moral and religious love.