“十七年”时期的笔名发表与当代文学批评生态

Pen Names in the“Seventeen Years Period”and the Ecology of Contemporary Chinese Literary Criticism

文学史上使用笔名发表作品,一般有这样几种心理机制:一是害怕发表文学作品影响自己真名的名声;二是为了适应当时特殊的社会环境;三是与自己特殊的生活经历有关;四是为了表达自己的某种寄托理念与思想情操;五是担心政治迫害;六是担心作品不成熟。中国"十七年"时期使用笔名发表的现象比较突出,显在的心理机制是担心作品不成熟,担心自己没有名声而使用笔名。事实上这里面却有着隐在的深层心理机制:一是"表态笔名";二是"读者笔名";三是"棍子笔名";四是"非主流话语笔名";五是"身份笔名"。这里面既有"被动笔名",也有"主动笔名",这些是特殊政治形势、意识形态与批评家个体人格多重要素共同组成的一个发表机制。这几种深层的笔名心理机制深刻地反映出中国当代文学批评生态的复杂性与特殊性。

It is a common phenomenon to use a pen name when a writer publishes his critical works in China＇s ＂seventeen years period＂. There are several causes： 1. the author worries that his work is not mature; 2. the author is not confident of his reputation; 3. the author intends to express particular ideas. Underneath these apparent causes are deeper psychological motivations： 1. to express opposite ideas to someone else＇s; 2. to criticize a friend or a teacher; 3. to publish politically alternative works; 4. to reinforce the validity of criticism with another name; 5. to express special aims. Because of politics, ideology and individual personalities, some authors choose pen names on their own, and some others are forced to do so. The psychology of using a pen name in the seventeen years periods reveals a complicated ecology of Chinese literary criticism.