诗人天职与生态伦理——海德格尔《诗人何为》重读

“What Are Poets for”and Ecological Ethics

海德格尔的"诗人何为"虽然经常被人提起和套用,但这一追问本身的意义仍需进一步探讨。"诗人何为"关注的核心问题是在技术时代的暗夜诗人与自然的关系。这里的"自然"也是存在,是存在者整体,它可以显现为物,并以语言作为存在的区域。在海德格尔看来,人随制造意愿而行的冒险,使人站立在世界的对立面,把物,把自然,把存在者整体,以至把人,都视作对象加以算计和制造,以致物面临着消逝,存在者整体缩小,天地万物共同的原始自然基础被破坏,不仅物而且人神的存在都趋于一种"不在家"状态。这时诗人的天职正在于反思人的制造意图,参与物的拯救,创建存在的"球体",回归心灵内在空间,通过在语言中的冒险,实现人与天地万物在存在家园中亦即在"完满的自然"中的安居。由于"生态"与"伦理"的原义都是"家""栖居地",它关心人在大地上的诗意栖居问题,诗人的天职也可以说是基于存在之天命,思入澄明之处所,承担原初的生态伦理之要求。

Martin Heidegger＇s essential question of ＂what are poets for＂ is used to explore the relationship between the poet and nature, being, beings as a whole, the thing, and language in the ＂world＇s night＂ of ＂destitute time＂. In Heidegger＇s view, human beings＇ venture that follows their manufactural willing has led to the vanishing of the thing, the shrink of beings as a whole, destruction of the foundation of all beings, and deprived things and human beings of their homes of being. Then poet＇s mission is to reflect on the control of technology, to participate in the rescue of the thing, to create the ＂sphere＂ of being, to return to the soul of inner space, and to poetically dwell in the ＂full nature＂ by venturing in language. And it is the objective of Heidegger＇s original ecological ethics that concerns how to co-dwell poetically on the earth along with other beings.