基于原型-模型论的英汉语言被动态标记性对比分析

Contrastive research on the markedness of passive voice between English and Chinese based on prototype-model theory

本文基于原型-模型论视角尝试对比分析英汉语言被动态标记性特征之差异。人类语言原型共性揭示英汉主动态趋向自然、符合事件发生顺序而不带标记,被动态注重结果、忽视施动、违背事件发生顺序而带标记。英汉语言共轭相生模型相异性同时又表明英语被动态与文体相关,用于强调客观的科技文体中的被动态无标记,而用在赋有浓厚主观色彩的文学体裁中的被动态则有标记。汉语被动态与文体关联不大,且使用频率远低于英语被动态更显标记性。标记理论分析法运用于二语习得有助于预测英汉被动句习得顺序,更好指导语言教师拟定合理有效的教学计划。

The current paper raises concerns about the differences of the markedness of passive voice between English and Chinese from the perspective of the prototype-model theory. The active voice of both English and Chinese is unmarked due to their tendency towards nature and agreement with the order of events, while the passive voice of both appears marked on account of their emphasis on results, ignorance of the agent, and violation of the sequence of events, resulting in the prototype of both languages. The application of English voices is related to styles, in which the English styles of science and technology with objectivity tend to employ the passive voice and be unmarked thus. Literature in English endowed with strong subjectivity is marked owing to less passive voice. Voices and styles do not have this association in Chinese, in which passive sentences are less applied and tend to be more marked. As such, markedness theory analysis applied in second language acquisition contributes to predicting acquisition orders in English and Chinese passive sentences and guiding teachers to develop instructional plans reasonably and effectively.