马克思的启蒙批判与当代中国的“新启蒙”

Marx's Critique of Enlightenment and the New Enlightenment of Contemporary China

马克思在批判继承启蒙传统的基础上扬弃了启蒙的内在局限、超越了启蒙的传统视域。从思想发展史来看,马克思经历了从继承启蒙到超越启蒙的思想发展,并扬弃了启蒙的精神原则、政治规划与经济规划。马克思所理解的启蒙传统也呈现出三重面相:精神运动、意识形态与物化的经济制度。从问题意识来看,马克思开启了对启蒙主义的"内在批判",揭示了启蒙传统的历史局限性与内在矛盾:形而上学抽象性质;普遍性与特殊性、个体性与整体性的分裂;资本主义物化形式。当代中国需要的是马克思意义上的社会主义"新启蒙"。新启蒙的合理形态是社会主义的思想解放运动,指导思想是马克思主义;新启蒙应当是扬弃"西化教条"和"复古教条"的启蒙。在新启蒙中,尤其要处理好"个体启蒙"与"公共启蒙"、"市场启蒙"与"社会启蒙"的关系,规避"资本启蒙",推进"人民启蒙"。

On the basis of criticizing and inheriting the tradition of enlightenment, Marx sublated the inherent limitation of enlightenment and transcended the traditional vision of enlightenment. From the perspective of the thoughts development history, Marx has experienced the development progress from inheriting the enlightenment to transcending the enlightenment, and has sublated the spiritual principle, political planning and economic planning. Marx＇s understanding of the enlightenment tradition also presents three aspects： spiritual movement, ideology and materialized economic system. From the point of view of problem consciousness, Marx turned to the Enlightenment of ＂internal criticism＂, revealing the historical limitations and the inherent contradictions of the tradition of Enlightenment： metaphysical abstract; the division between universality and particularity, individuality and integrity; concretion form of capitalism. What the contemporary China needs is not the bourgeois ＂old enlightenment＂, but the socialist new enlightenment in Marx＇s sense. The rational form of the new enlightenment is the ideological liberation movement of socialism, and the guiding thought is Marxism. In the new enlightenment, we must deal with the relationship between ＂individual enlightenment＂ and ＂public enlightenment＂, ＂market enlightenment＂ and ＂social enlightenment＂, avoid the ＂capital＇s enlightenment＂ and promote the ＂people＇s enlightenment＂.