亚里士多德与墨家类比推理之比较

A Comparison of Aristotle and Mohism Based on Analogical Reasoning

亚里士多德对演绎推理与归纳推理作了系统阐述,也涉及到对类比推理的论述,但没有形成系统。中国古代墨家著作《墨经》中建立了以"譬""侔""援""推"为形式的类比推理。墨家与亚里士多德的类比推理具备各自存在的合理性,既相似又相异,两者都是在类比主体、类比源和类比项三要素的组成下,以"类"关系为基础,根据概念的外延关系构成的或然性推理。逻辑学诞生初期的中西方大文化背景下,墨家类比推理是为实用,而亚里士多德类比推理的最终目的在于求知,因其或然性无法获得准确的知识,在西方早期未得到足够重视,因此类比推理在中西方形成了截然不同的发展历程。

Aristotle elaborated on deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning, and also discussed analogical reasoning, but he did not form a system. In the history of Chinese logic, Mohists, in Mo Jing, established logical system based on the forms of ＂analogy mou aid＂ and ＂push＂. Both reasonings have their own rationalities for existence. There are both similarities and diffrences between them. Both are based on the ＂class＂ relationship under the composition of analogy~ subject, analog source and analogy item, and form the probability of reasoning according to the extension of the concept. In the contexts of Chinese and Western cultures in the early days of logic, the Mohist analogy stressed on practicability, but the ultimate aim of Aristotle＇ s analogy is to seek knowl- edge, and due to its inability to obtain accurate knowledge from probability, it didn＇t get enough attention, and so analogical reasoning in China and the West formed very different development processes.