明清时期北京通州晋翼会馆研究——以明清时期的翼城商人和山西布商为重点

A Study on the Tongzhou Shanxi-Hebei Guild Hall in Beijing in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

位于大运河码头的通州晋翼会馆始建于清乾隆四年,它是由山西翼城商人兴建的商人会馆。通州晋翼会馆反映了明清时期中国布业"南布北运"的专业化经营模式,同时也反映了山西布商的兴衰和嬗递轨迹。晋翼会馆属于纯民间的、纯商人的"经营模式"中的一种"工具"。将明清时期曾经引领时代、带有垄断经营特点的翼城商人——山西布商在不同地点所兴建的三座晋翼会馆予以整体考察之后,不难理解其商业垄断的形成背后,隐藏着以会馆为依托的集购买、加工、销售为一体的一条龙运营模式。山西布商持续了明清整个历史阶段,在山西内部的空间区域和商人群体的对应上,呈现出由南向北的次第转移:平阳翼城——汾州府介休——晋中祁太平——忻州。

Tongzhou Shanxi-Hebei Guild Hall in the dock of the Grand Canal was built by the Yicheng, Shanxi merchants in the Fourth year of Emperor Qianlong in Qing Dynasty. It reflects the professional business model in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, i.e. ＂transportation of cloth from the south to the north＂ of Chinese cloth industry; it also reflects the rise and fall of Shanxi cloth merchants. Shanxi-Hebei Guild Hall is a kind of folk ＂tool＂ of businessmen in the management model. The Yicheng merchants （Shanxi cloth merchants）, which had a monopoly position in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, had built three Shanxi-Hebei Guild Halls in different places. After examining them, it is not difficult to understand the operation mode hidden in Guild Hall, including purcha- sing, processing and sales as a whole. Shanxi cloth merchants lasted the whole history of Ming and Qing Dynasties, but the corresponding distribution of merchant groups within Shanxi shows an order from south to north--the transfer from Pingyang Yicheng to Fenyang Jiexiu, to Jinzhong Qitaiping, and finally to Xinzhou.