秋施有机肥对土壤生物学、理化性状及玉米产量的影响

Effects of Application of Organic Fertilizer in Autumn on the Soil Biological,Physical and Chemical Properties and Maize Yield

以黑龙江省海林农场白浆土为研究对象,在等氮量条件下(秋季有机肥配施来年春季无机肥),设置100%有机肥(T1),30%有机肥+70%无机肥(T2),20%有机肥+80%无机肥(T3),100%无机肥(T4)和不施肥(CK)5个处理,研究长期施肥对土壤生物学、理化性状以及玉米产量的影响。结果表明:玉米生育期内,土壤微生物数量呈先升高后降低的变化趋势,且施用高量有机肥有助于细菌和放线菌群落结构的形成,无机肥和不施肥适于真菌生长;有机无机肥配施处理在提高土壤酶活性方面占据绝对优势,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性始终显著高于其他处理,且有机肥较无机肥处理更能提高玉米生育期内土壤微生物生物量;有机无机肥配施可明显提高土壤全量和速效养分,培肥地力,单施效果稍差,且差异不大,而高量有机肥在降低土壤容重、增加总孔隙度百分比方面作用显著;两年玉米累计产量30%有机肥(T2)最高,分别比100%有机肥(T1)和100%无机肥(T4)提高57.34%和4.59%,稳产并高产。总体来讲,30%有机肥+70%无机肥为最佳施肥模式。

Taking arable albic soil of Hailin Farm,Heilongjiang Province as the research sample,under the condition of the same amount of nitrogen （combined application of organic fertilizer in autumn with chemical fertilizer in spring）,we designed 5 treatments：100％ organic fertilizer （T1）,30％ organic fertilizer＋ 70％ inorganic fertilizer （T2）,20％ organic fertilizer＋ 80％ inorganic fertilizer （T3）,100％ inorganic fertilizer （T4） and no fertilizer （CK） to study the effects of long-term application of fertilizers on soil biological,physical and chemical properties and maize yield.The results showed that during the growth period of maize,the amount of soil microbial went up and then declined,and the application of high amount of organic fertilizer was helpful to the formation of bacteria and actinomycetes community structure,while inorganic fertilizer and no fertilizer were both suitable for the growth of fungal;combined application of organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer treatments had absolute advantages in improving soil enzyme activities over other treatments,which embodied concretely that the activities of urease and invertase were significantly higher than other treatments all the time,moreover,the effects of organic treatments on enhancing soil microbial biomass was clearly superior than inorganic fertilizer;combined application of organic fertilizer with inorganic fertilizer could obviously increase the contents of total and available soil nutrients,and enrich the soil fertility,while the effect of single application of fertilizer had poor consequences,and showed little difference,apart from those,the high amount of organic fertilizer could significantly reduce soil bulk density and increase soil total porosity;2-year accumulative total corn yield of 30％ organic manure （T2） was the highest,and the yield of T2 was 57.34％ and 4.59％ higher than T1 and T4,respectively,which meant that T2 stabilized and improved maize yield most obviously.Overall,30％ of organic fertilizer＋70％ inorganic fertilizer was the best fertilization pattern in this area.