从“天下伦理”到“责任伦理”:周秦国家伦理变迁与重构

From “Tianxia Ethics” to “Responsibility Ethics”: the Evolution and Reconstruction of the National Ethics in Zhou and Qin Dynasties

秦国从古国、方国到帝国的伦理选择,为我们理解中国古代国家伦理变迁提供了一个典型案例。西周时代是一个以天命信念、德性伦理、礼乐文明为基础的"天下体系",幽王之祸,宣告了西周"天下体系"的崩解。在春秋战国无政府状态下,秦国经历了一系列残酷的生存竞争与自然选择,经过古国、方国、帝国三个发展阶段,秦国通过德性伦理、生存伦理、责任伦理的伦理选择,最后成为"霸王之国",实现了大国崛起。同时,西周创造的"天下体系"也被秦国的"帝国体系"取而代之。

The ethical choices of Qin State as it developed from an ancient state into an epareh state and then an empire provide a typical case for us to understand the ethical changes in ancient China. In the Western Zhou Dynasty, there was a ＂tianxia system＂ based on tianxia philosophy, moral ethies and ritual-musical （Li Yue） civilization. The killing of King You of Zhou brought an end to the ＂tianxia system＂ of the Western Zhou. In the anarchy during the Spring and Autumn and Warring States period, Qin State experienced a series of cruel struggles for survival and natural selection, going through the three stages of an ancient state, an eparch state and an empire. With the ethical choices based on moral ethics, survival ethics and responsibility ethics, Qin State eventually became a hegemony and rose as a great power. At the same time, the ＂tianxia system＂ created by the Western Zhou was replaced by the ＂empire system＂ of Qin State.