空难水上救助的道德困境与海上人命救助制度的完善

Analysia of Modifications of Life Salvage through the Moral Hazards of Aircraft Disaster Salvage in Water

海上救助人命是海洋文明形成的特殊规则体系,但传统的海上救助理论已经无法满足救助实际的需要。在以航空器为代表的新型海上财产需要救助时,极有可能出现救助人为获取财产救助报酬而放弃救助人命的道德困境。人命不属于海上救助客体、人命救助报酬不享有独立的报酬请求权、缺乏救助人命的强制性规定均为造成现实困境的原因。为保证人命救助效果,美国根据"准合同"理论确立了人命救助费用补偿的权利、英国承认独立的人命救助报酬权,传统"无效果、无报酬"的机制也在环境救助的特别补偿机制下得到了突破。借鉴关于人命救助的有益法治经验,应当承认人命救助属于海难救助的客体,人命救助享有独立的报酬请求权与船舶优先权,并通过创设乘员强制保险、先行赔付、责任人限制等报酬赔付支持体系与人命救助的强制性规定,确保人命救助得到优先救助。

Save life at sea is the special rules formed of ocean civilization system. With the change of sea perils and human society, traditional salvage theory has been unable to meet the needs of actual. In a new type of maritime property represented by aircraft in need of help, it is very likely show the moral hazards that salver save property to obtain salvage reward and ignore life. Human object does not belong to salvage, salvage reward in human does not enjoy the inde- pendent claim remuneration, lack of mandatory provisions of the save life are all the reasons for difficulties in reality. In order to ensure the life salvage effect, the United States according to the theory of Quasi - Contract established the salvage charges compensation in human life salvage, Britain granted independence rewards of lives for salvage and maritime lien, in environmental aid under the special compensation mechanism of traditional ＇ no results, no pay＇ mechanism has also been a breakthrough. By creating compulsory insurance, first pay, responsibility limitation of carrier and compulsory rules of support system ensure that human could get salvage priority.