以《联邦宪法》为中心的美国警察法治

Police's Rule of Law in the U.S.,with Federal Constitution as Its Core

美国警察法治以《联邦宪法》为中心,无论是联邦警察,还是州和地方警察,在执法时均要按照《联邦宪法》及其修正案精神,严格遵循联邦最高法院判例的执法规则。美国警察执行的《刑法》都是依据《联邦宪法》制定的,全美各州的《刑法》大同小异,因此美国警察管辖的犯罪有很强的相似性。美国各个层级的警察在人员和组织、领导体制以及招录方面有一定的差异,但前提是必须与《联邦宪法》的精神保持一致,否则就会受到联邦司法部的指控。

Police＇s rule of law in the U.S. takes federal law as its core. Accordingly, both federal police officers and state police officers have to adhere rigorously to the spirits of federal constitution, its amendments and the law enforcement rules set by precedents of the Supreme Court. The criminal laws of each state, different from each other though, are all formulated according to federal constitution, so the crimes that the U.S. police deal with bear great similarity. There exist differences to a certain extent in terms of members, organizing mechanism, leading mechanism and recruitment through the police agencies of all levels. However different they are, they have to align themselves with the spirits of federal constitution, or they may be charged by the U.S. Department of Justice.