于克斯屈尔的动物理论——从海德格尔到德勒兹和加塔利

于克斯屈尔是20世纪德国著名的动物行为学家，也是行为生态学的奠基人之一。海德格尔与德勒兹（和加塔利）都深受于克斯屈尔的影响，他们都借用于克斯屈尔的动物理论来批判传统哲学话语，都尝试从环境角度来重新定义生命。然而海德格尔对于克斯屈尔的借鉴是为了更好地规定人类此在的本质，为了重构人与动物之间的界限，为了强化人与动物之间的等级结构。德勒兹和加塔利则不同，他们将于克斯屈尔的动物研究与斯宾诺莎的“情动”理论并置在一起，用哲学理论来充实科学实验，用科学实验来印证哲学理论。以斯宾诺莎的伦理学和于克斯屈尔的动物研究为根基，德勒兹和加塔利提出“生成-动物”的概念，尝试从“非拟人化”的角度来思考动物，为人们探索人与动物之关系问题开辟了新的视野。

Uexktill was a well-known German animal behavior scientist and one of the founders of behavioral ecology in the 20th century. Uexktill, Heidegger and Deleuze （and Guattari ） have critiqued philosophical discourse by Uexkull＇s animal theories, trying to mak Inspired by traditional e new defi-nitions of life in the perspective of Umwelt. However, among those philosophers mentioned above who get influence from Uexkull, Heidegger aims to define human nature as Dasein, to reconstruct the borderline between human and animal, and to strengthen the hierarchy structure of human and animal. Deleuze and Guattari, instead, juxtapose Uexktill research on animals and Spinoza＇s affect theory, adding philosophical thoughts to scientific experiments and proving philosophical theories by scientific experiments. Based on Spinoza＇s ethics and Uexkull＇s animal theories, Deleuze and Guattari pose a becoming-animal theory which attempts to discuss animals from the angle of nonanthropomorphic, leading to a new vision that explores human-animal relationship.