异域看长城——明清时期朝鲜燕行使的长城观念

Examining the Great Wall from Foreign Perspective:The Great Wall in the Views of the Korean Envoys in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

明清时期朝鲜燕行使在前往北京朝贡的途中,对所见明代辽东镇、蓟州镇长城或其历史遗存详加记述,形成域外第二大长城史料载体。燕行使从异域视野出发,对长城的称谓,与中国本土呈现出一定的不同。明清易代前后,燕行使对长城的评价,出现了从肯定到否定的转变。这源于明朝被跨越长城的北方民族政权所取代,长城军事价值遭到质疑。对于清朝,朝鲜出于"小中华"的文化定位与对明朝的感念心理,存在抵触情绪,从而将长城空间演变为抒发"华夷之辨"的文化意识、抗拒清朝的政治观念的历史场域。明清时期朝鲜半岛的"长城观念史"呈现"层累地造成"的历史脉络,折射了这一时期东亚的地缘政治、时代背景与文化内涵,是研究近世东亚历史的切入点之一。

In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Korean Envoys worshipping China recorded in detail the Great Wall of Liaodong fortification and Jizhou fortification of Ming or their historical remains. As the result, they created the second largest the Great Wall historical data carrier. The Korean Envoys surveyed the Great Wall from foreign Perspective and so formed some titles that had different from Chinese. With regard to the function and the role of the Great Wall, the Korean Envoys ＇ evaluation showed one historical change from positive to negative. This was rooted in the Ming dynasty was replaced by the northern race across the Great Wall, and the Great Wall＇ s military value began to be questioned. Korean regime regarded herself as the successor of Chinese civilization and kept the gratitude to the Ming dynasty. This reduced that Korean took a stand against the Qing dynasty and regarded the Great Wall space as the historical field that expressed the cultural consciousness of ＂ the discrimination between China and the barbarians＂ and the political ideas against the Qing dynasty. This reflected the east Asian world geopolitics, background and the cultural connotation During the Ming and Qing dynasties. This is a starting point that study the modern East Asia history.