南宋三省与临安的城市空间

The Three Departments and the Urban Space of Lin'an in Southern Song China

对南宋政权来说,在临安城内嵌入各种朝廷衙署,是使这座城市从地方都会变为政治中心的必要条件之一,不过临安有限的城市规模、既有的空间格局对此制约甚大。在帝制时代历代王朝的都城中,临安的面积偏小,城外的地理条件也使临安城在空间上难以拓展。就政治形势而言,南宋长期处于外部的军事压力下,无法对临安进行大规模重建。在这种情况下,即便是作为朝廷核心机构的三省,其衙署的创设也不免遇到困难,故而在地理位置和空间分布上极具特色。由于宫城位于临安城南端,三省只好在宫城以北安置。宫城附近可利用空间有限,造成三省在临安无法整体植入,除主体部分靠近宫城外,六部架阁库、文思院、军器所、礼部贡院、别试所等下属机构不得不散置于临安的其他地块。三省与临安的日常生活空间之间存在紧张关系:附近云集的店铺和住宅,导致三省主体部分的安保条件欠佳、火情危险不断;其他下属机构也是面临复杂的周围环境,这使其日常管理、职能发挥颇受影响。另一方面,这些机构的植入,是临安的都城机能完善的重要组成部分,并在一定程度上改变了临安的空间结构、都市景观。正是都城机能与城市空间的不断调适,使临安成为帝制时代颇为独特的一个都城。

Administration buildings are the essential facilities of a capital city. However, the placement of central government in Lin＇an in the Southern Song China was confined by the geographical conditions and space allocation to a great extent. Without exception, the settlement of the Three Departments, which were the core institutions of the Southern Song Dynasty, was distinctive compared with other dynasties, owing to the position of the imperial palace and scarcity of available space in its neighborhood. While the main part of the Three Departments abnormally located to the north of the imperial palace, some subsidiaries scattered in other areas of Lin＇an. Even though the main part of the Three Departments was adjacent to the imperial palace, it was still surrounded by residences, stalls and shops. The subsidiaries mentioned above, far away from the imperial palace, also confronted the complicated surroundings. The tension between the Three Departments and daily life space in Lin＇an was inevitably imposed upon the management and operation of these institutions.