花岗质岩浆和矿化之间的关系:重要概念和关键特征

Exploring the links between granitic magmas and mineralization:Key concepts and critical features

最近对与花岗岩相关的锂、稀土金属和贱金属(例如Cu和Mo)矿产需求重新激发了人们对其成矿作用研究的兴趣。本文综述了不同类型花岗质岩石及与其相关的矿床:1)与高分异花岗岩有关的浸染状稀有金属矿化;2)热液型锡和钨矿化(如:矽卡岩型矿床);3)伟晶岩型稀有元素矿化;4)斑岩型矿化。虽然花岗岩和相关矿化作用之间(特别是斑岩系统相对于稀有金属)的联系还没有明确,但最近这些成矿系统的相关研究进展为探讨两者之间的关系提供了条件。本文重点回顾了与花岗岩相关成矿作用的主要特征,以及与不同类型矿化有关的花岗质岩浆的多样性,并论述了不同类型矿床的成矿模式。尽管长英质侵入岩浆系统复杂多样,但近来与这些矿化系统有关的研究进展可望能够作为找矿勘探的指示。地球化学特征可以揭示岩浆系统的氧化还原状态,进而可以判断斑岩系统的成矿潜力,它还可以与其他找矿勘探指标如矿物的同位素和微量元素分析联合使用。本文还讨论了通过熔融包裹体分析,研究微量元素在硅酸盐岩浆与挥发分体系中的行为。

The recent demand for Li, rare earth metals and base metals （e. g. Cu and Mo） has renewed the interest in granite- associated mineralization. This review reflects on the diversity of granitic rocks, which are associated with a variety of ore deposits. A summary of different deposit types is presented, specifically ： 1 ） Disseminated rare metal mineralization associated with highly evolved granites; 2） Hydrothermal-type tin and tungsten mineralization （i. e. skam-type） ; 3） Rare dement pegmatites; and 4） Porphyry-style mineralization. Although the link between granitoids and associated mineralization is not always clear, especially for porphyry systems rather than rare metal deposits, recent advances in the studies of these systems allow these links to be explored. This paper reviews the critical features of their formation, as well as the variations in the granitic magmas associated with mineralization, and presents key genetic models for the different deposits. Although felsic intrusive systems are diverse and complex, recent advances in the research associated with these systems have the potential to be utilized as exploration tools. Geochemical signatures can help to unravel the oxidation states of magmatic systems and ultimately assess the ore-forming potential of a porphyry system, and can be used in conjunction with other exploration tools, such as isotopic trace analyses on mineral separates. Trace element studies on the silicate- volatile systems from melt inclusion work are also discussed.