从海洋自由到海洋霸权:威尔逊海洋政策构想的转变

From Freedom to Hegemony: The Transformation of Woodrow Wilson's Maritime Policy

威尔逊的海洋政策构想中存在着海洋自由和海洋霸权两种追求,并经历了政策重心由前者向后者的转变。其中,海洋自由构想与国际联盟计划紧密相连,具有自由主义色彩。巴黎和会期间,威尔逊为争取国际社会对其海洋自由构想的认可,进行了真诚而艰苦的努力。但在国内外的批评下,他意识到该构想与美国国家利益诉求和国际角色定位不符,于是暗自弃之,并把海洋政策重心转向了与英国争夺世界海洋霸权。威尔逊海洋政策构想中的海洋自由和海洋霸权看似前后不一,实则互为表里,二者共同服务和服从于美国国家利益需要和争夺世界领导地位的战略目的,其现实主义本质不言自明。

Woodrow Wilson's maritime policy had two aspects:to pursue the freedom of the Seas and hegemony,with the core of the policy switching from the former to the latter tacitly.His ideal of freedom of the Seas was closely related to the plan of the League of Nations,with a liberal yet imperfect nature.During the Paris Peace Conference,he made laborious and sincere endeavor to seek global recognition of his ideal of freedom of the Seas.However,with criticisms coming in from both inside and outside,he realized the disparity between his ideal and America's international interests and role.This quietly compelled him to switch to the competition of maritime hegemony against Britain.An exposition of the apparent inconsistency in Wilson's maritime policy makes it clear that in seeking strategic interests and global leadership for America,both freedom and hegemony were pragmatic in nature.