明代汉藏交通的兴衰演变——以明朝使臣入藏活动为中心的探讨

The Rise and Fall of Varied Han-Tibetan Traffic Routes in the Ming dynasty——A Discussion Centered on Envoys Activity of the Ming dynasty to Tibetan Region

自唐以后,中原汉地与西藏之间形成了青藏道、川藏道等多条道路,明朝使臣入藏的交通道路,前期以青藏道为主,中后期川藏道成为主要入藏道路,明朝使臣也曾行经西域道、滇藏道进入西藏。明代汉藏交通的兴衰演变主要受政治、经济因素的制约,军事活动、藏传佛教的传播也影响了道路的兴废,地理环境因素对汉藏交通的形塑作用则不断减弱,明代汉藏交通网络格局对后世汉藏交通奠定了基础并产生深远影响。

Since the Tang Dynasty,many routes formed between Han and Tibetan region,like the Qinghai-Tibet route and Sichuan-Tibet route.In the early period of the Ming Dynasty,the QinghaiTibet route was the main route for Ming envoys to Tibetan region.In the middle and later years of Ming dynasty,Sichuan-Tibet route became the main route.The western regions-Tibet route and the Yunnan-Tibet route had also been used.The rise and fall of varied Han-Tibetan traffic routes was mainly affected by political and economic factors.Military activities and dissemination of Tibetan Buddhism also played roles.The geographical environment factors on this traffic gradually weakened.The Han-Tibetan traffic network in Ming dynasty laid foundation for the later times and exerted a far-reaching influence.