现代化民法典对消费者保护的回应——德国债法现代化的借鉴

The Response of Modern Civil Code to Consumer Protection:With Reference of the Modernization of German Law of Obligation

现代化《德国民法典》注重消费者的特殊保护,在民事主体部分统一规定"消费者"与"经营者"的概念;为避免双轨制私法体系的威胁,通过2002年债法改革将消费者特别法体系化整合进入民法典,达到统一保护消费者的目的。我国正在编纂的民法典可以对此借鉴,通过总则部分纳入"消费者-经营者"的一体化概念,在"合同编"规定"消费者合同"的重要制度——细化格式条款的法律干预,纳入并完善消费者的撤回权制度,达到抽象人格向具体人格、形式正义向实质正义的转变。如此通过消费者法的民法回归实现民法的再法典化和现代化。

The modern ＂German Civil Code＂ pays attention to special protection of consumer, defines the concept of ＂consumer＂ and ＂operator＂ uniformly in the civil subject system. In order to avoid the threat of double-track system of private law, the special law of consumer protection was integrated into the Civil Code systematically through debt law re- form in 2002, to achieve the purpose of protecting consumer uniformly. The civil code that is being complied can integrate the concept of ＂consumer-operator＂ into the general provisions of civil law, prescribe important system of ＂Consumer contract＂ in ＂Contract law＂ for reference. To be specific, it refines the legal intervention of contract of adhesion, im- proves the system of consumer＇s right of withdrawal, to realize transformation from abstract personality to specific person- ality, from formal justice to essential justice. Modernization and re-codification of civil law will come true through protec- ting consumers by civil law.