魏玛共和之殇:现代民主国家应对危机之道

The Collapse of Weimar Republic before Its Maturity:on Approaches to Eliminate the Modern Democratic Country Crisis

"民主危机"源于现代民主国家制度的内在矛盾:政府须有足够权力控制人民,据此构建治理国家的宪法秩序,同时也应尊重人权,赋予人民相应的力量制约政府。国家、人民、宪法三者之间的张力维系着国家政治秩序的稳定。一旦国家安全或社会秩序受到挑战,因着某一方力量的倾斜而动摇了原本和谐的秩序,从而造成了不同程度的"民主危机"。考察魏玛共和的民主危机,需要通过系统分析三位著名公法学家卞尔·施米特、汉斯·凯尔森和赫尔曼·海勒提出的应对之道来形成新的共识,借此为应对当下欧洲面临的民主危机提供参鉴。

Democratic crisis is originated from the inborn contradiction in modern democracy system in which the government must have adequate power to control its people so as to establish national constitutional order while respecting their human rights and accordingly bestowing a right on them to monitor and restrict its operation. The tension among the government, the people and the constitution guarantees the stability of national political order. Once national safety or social order is challenged, the ex- isting harmonious order will be shaken due to the imbalance of the three parties and thus democratic crisis to some extent arises. This paper aims to study how the three prestigious jurists as Carl Schmitt, Hans Kelsen, and Hermann Heller put forward their respective approaches to eliminate the democratic crisis in Weimar Republic in order to give some advice to solve the same prob- lem in the Europe nowadays.