社会主义思潮、政治哲学与人类学研究的方法论——重读莫斯的《礼物》

Scientific Socialism,Political Philosophy and The Methodology of Anthropology:Re-reading the The Gifts by Marcel Mauss

讨论莫斯的礼物交换理论,既需要将其嵌入到互助理论体系之中去理解,也需要关注社会主义思潮及实践对其礼物分析和写作在学理、思维及逻辑上的关联;而《礼物》中的政治哲学对形塑现代性的现代自然法哲学充满反思和矫治意味。给予、接受和回报的义务体系既是礼物分析的基础,也是现代社会秩序建构的基础。不过,面对人类学中存在的地方性知识获取与一般性知识抽象、经验知识与价值知识间的内在张力,《礼物》研究提供的解决方案是什么?这是当下重新阅读和评述《礼物》的着眼点。本文试图从社会主义思潮、交换、新道德、政治哲学与方法论五个维度来重新理解《礼物》。

Marcel Mauss＇ s discussion on gift exchange needs to be embedded in the context of existing system of mutual aid theory. Meanwhile, scientific socialism and its practice had a direct connection with the analysis and writing The Gift . The obligatory system of gift giving, accepting, and reciprocating is the foundation for both gift analysis and the construction of modem social order. This paper attempts to re-understand The G/fifrom the perspectives of scientific socialism, exchange, new morality, political philosophy, and methodology.