国家监察权设置的功能

Reform of Supervision System

反腐败形势虽然复杂严峻,但经过不到5年的猛敲狠打,腐败顽石开始碎裂,坚冰开始消融,腐败蔓延势头得到有效遏制,反腐败斗争压倒性态势很快从"正在形成"切换到"已经形成"。不敢腐的目标初步实现,不能腐的制度日益完善,不想腐的堤坝正在构筑,党内政治生活呈现新的气象。在与腐败和不正之风的坚决斗争中,反腐败体制机制改革功不可没,为完善党和国家的监督制度作出了历史性贡献。监察体制改革是中国反腐体制改革中一次革命性变革。2016年11月,中共中央办公厅印发《关于在北京市、山西省、浙江省开展国家监察体制改革试点方案》。北京市、山西省、浙江省率先实验、探索实践,在体制机制、制度建设等方面研究破解反腐力量分散、监督不能全覆盖等问题,为在全国推开积累经验。为进一步做好监察体制改革,优化改革方案,促进改革取得更好效果,本刊特邀在廉政学和国家治理领域长期从事研究的专家对国家监察体制改革细节问题进行研究。《比较视角下的国家监察体制改革》提出,监察体制是所有国家和地区政权建设不可缺少的内容,国(境)外监察体制改革既存在积极有利的因素,也存在消极不利的因素,当前有必要综合分析借鉴国(境)外的监察体制改革的利弊得失,强化监察委员会调查腐败案件的独立性和权威性,重视并用足监督措施,继续完善机构的内部改革,敦促并力推外围配套改革,把私营机构纳入监督范围。《国家监察体制改革:总体方案、分析评论与对策建议》提出了"3+2+1"的改革方案,主张增强国家监察机构独立性,强化对监委会的监督,推进监督体制的系统改革,推行职业化和专业化,优化监委会的层级设置。《国家监察权设置的功能》认为,国家监察体制改革实际上是将国家权力结构进行调整。国家监察权的权威性足以保障权力正常运行,其法治化、规范化运行对被监督人员行使权力具备直接保障功能,对国家公职行为产生净化功能,同时增加公民对国家的信任,具有国家整体形象的增信功能。《建立专业化导向的国家监察官制度》认为,反腐工作需要一支专业人才队伍来承担;我国公务员以及反腐败机构的管理制度行政化色彩强烈,制约了反腐败人员专业水平的提升;香港廉政公署以专业化为导向的人事管理制度值得借鉴;可以通过建立专业化导向的国家监察官制度以实现反腐败队伍的职业化和专业化。

The reform of supervision system is a revolution in China's anti-corruption system. Since Nov 2016, when the General Office of the CPC Central Committee issued The Plan to Carry out Pilot Reform of Supervision System in Beijing, Shanxi and Zhejiang Province, those three places have taken the lead in experiment and exploration in institutional mechanism and system construction. Experience has been accumulated and is ready for national promotion. To deepen and optimize the reform, our journal has invited those authorities long engaged in research into integrity and state governance to share their views on this issue. Reform of Supervision System from a Comparative Perspective proposes that supervision system is an indispensable part of regime building for all countries and regions. There are both positive, favorable factors and negative, unfavorable factors in foreign supervision system. It is necessary to analyze and build on the pros and cons of foreign supervision system, to strengthen the independence and authority of supervisory committee in investigation of corruption, to attach adequate importance to supervisory measures, to continue to improve internal reform of the institution, to urge and promote peripheral support reform, and to include private institution in the scope of supervision. Reform of Supervision System—The Overall Plan of Work, Analysis, Solutions and Suggestions proposes a reform plan of 3+2+1, advocating that the independence of national supervisory agency should be enhanced, that supervisory committee should also be supervised strictly, promoting the reform of supervision system,implementing professionalism, optimizing the hierarchical structure of the supervisory committee. The Function of Setting the State Supervision Power proposes that the reform of supervision system seeks to adjust the structure of state power. On one hand, the authority of state supervision power guarantees the normal operation of power. On the other hand, rule of law and standardized operation of power protects the rights of those supervised, purifies the behavior of public officials, promotes citizens' trust in the country and enhances government image. The Establishment of a Professional-oriented National Inspector System advocates that the anti-corruption work should be carried out by a team of professionals, that the administrative nature of management of the civil servants and anti-corruption agencies restricts the professional level of anti-corruption personnel. It proposes that the professional-oriented personnel management system of Hong Kong Independent Commission Against Corruption is worth learning. The professionalism and specialization of the anti-corruption team could be achieved by establishing a professional-oriented national inspector system.