蒙元时期的汗位传承——兼论蒙元政权汉化的特征

Khan's Inheritance in the Mongolian Yuan Dynasty——Also on the Characteristics of the Localization of the Mongolian Yuan Regime

权力更替是我国历史上每个王朝在发展过程中所必须面对的重大问题,它关系到国家的长治久安。蒙元政权自建立后,汗位传承制度一直不够完善,在以忽里台选汗为主要内容的汗位继承体制下,统治集团内部纷争不断,极大地虚耗了蒙元的国力。然而,蒙元时期的汗位传承制度的不完善,仅仅是蒙元政权汉化不彻底的一个侧面。此外,以恩荫世袭为主、科举制为辅的用人选官制度,大量蒙古旧制的保留以及四等人制的推行等方面亦是蒙元政权汉化不彻底的重要体现。蒙元政权不彻底的汉化,决定了它在中原地区难以长久立足。

The change of power is a major problem that every dynasty must face in the development of our country. It is related to the long-term stability of the country. Since the establishment of the Mongolian power regime, the Khan posture system has not been perfect. Under the Khan inheritance system that Khan was selected in the Quriltai Meeting, the continous internal disputes among the ruling group greatly exhausted the Mongolian national power. However, the inconvenience of the Khan transfer system in the Yuan Dynasty was only one aspect of the incomplete Yuan regime. In addition, the official election system which was mainly hereditary and supplemented by the imperial examination systero. The reservations of a large number of Mongolian old system and the implementation of the four-person system are also an important manifestation of the incomplete Chinesization of Mongolian regime. Mongolian regime Chinesization is not completely finished, which is crucial in its fail in occupation of Central China.